Epekto Ng

————————————————- History of Computer A computer is basically an electronic device which is used to input, output, process, and store data but there are some definitions which will include devices such as digital calculators and digital watches in the category of a computer. Software is also considered when looking at the history of computers, not only the physical hardware and the capabilities of the hardware available at the particular time. Operating systems with the features they carry and videogames with their utilization of the available technology are sometimes also used as markers in computer history.The earlier computers were much larger in comparison to the computers available today, sometimes filling entire rooms or sections of buildings. Some persons may be familiar with the term â€Å"mainframe† which is a large computer which can do many different tasks simultaneously. Modern mainframes and older mainframes were not much different in their function which is to provide a centralized point for all data to be processed and sometimes stored but older mainframes did not have the benefit of the newer technologies available today.As computers evolved and got smaller and smaller, the use of mainframes to handle workloads decreased as standalone computers became more popular. The difference with standalones versus those attached to the mainframe – which were called workstations, is the fact that standalones could run applications by themselves while workstations depended on the mainframe being online in order to function. Much older mainframes would run different programs based on a schedule and persons were assigned to feed or load the scheduled application at the appointed time.When the appointed program was scheduled to be run a person would have to load either punch cards or tape spools into the mainframe in order for it to run the specified application and the workstations would then load the application to the mainframe. In more recent times servers have generally replaced mainframes but in some companies there are still those who use modern mainframes as an alternative to having hundreds of servers in different locations. The size of the computer is the greatest measure of how far technology has come.We have moved from computers filling entire buildings to laptops that have as much functionality as a desktop and portable enough to tote around everyday. A quick timeline of how computers have evolved include the movement from punch card program input to magnetic tape program input, the moving of storage devices to magnetic drum media, moving from vacuum tube electronic components to transistor electronic components and ultimately the reduction in the size of transistors which is the primary reason for computers having reached where they are.An interesting concept to examine in computing would be Mooreâ₠¬â„¢s Law which outlines a trend in computing and the ‘block’, which will be the farthest point that computing will reach. As components keep getting smaller and smaller allowing for more features to be crammed into a single circuit, Moore’s Law dictates that once transistors reach atomic particle sizes the improvement of computers will have to stop.

Problems of bringing up children

The problem of bringing up children has always existed In every human community; it will exist as long as there are children: for mankind it is eternal. While bringing up children, parents, teachers, trainers, educators, mentors, tutors, grandparents, uncles, aunts, elder brothers and sisters, camp counsellors, nannies, headteachers and other school authorities, governesses, nurses, coaches, supervisors, etc. usually face a lot of problems, such as misbehaviour, disobedience, com/early-childhood-four-types-of-aggression/">aggression, rudeness, disrespect, naughtiness, deceit, arrogance, Impudence, mpertinence and dishonesty.When grown-ups fail to cope with these problems successfully, they usually label children â€Å"difficult†. Often It Is the result of their own wrong, Improper behaviour or Ill, inadequate treatment of children. It is generally acknowledged that children tend to copy grown-ups. And if a grown-up is rude, irritable, impatient, intolerant, aggressive, shouts all the time, etc. a child Is most likely to be the same. For an III- mannered grown-up can hardly expect a child to have good manners with his or her own example constantly in sight.Anne Shirley*, for example, Is rude and disrespectful with Marilla's neighbour and friend, but it is partly the ladys own fault. She was inconsiderate enough to call the girl's red hair â€Å"carrots†, which humiliated Anne greatly. So if you want a child to be polite and respectful to you, you should also respect his or her feelings. Children are often accused of lying. They are apt to lie, that's true. But sometimes children are pushed into lying by adults themselves. Children want to come up to their expectations. to please them. ot to disappoint them, or they may simply be afraid to ell the truth: lest they should be scolded, told off, reprimanded, rebuked, reproached, punished in one way or another (get a beating, be deprived of something they like, etc. ). † Adults may also expect chi ldren to be evil, wicked, naughty and disobedient, capable of doing only harm and damage, committing misdeeds, sometimes overlooking their own faults and shortcomings. When Marilla, for example, falls to find her brooch, the first thing that comes to her mind Is that Anne Shirley has stolen it.It doesnt strike her that she could have lost it, put it in a ifferent place, or somebody else could have taken it. She blames the girl Immediately. without giving It a second thought. Marilla shuts the girl up in her room till the latter confesses. Not knowing anything about the brooch, compelled to tell a lie, Anne invents a story of taking the brooch and eventually losing it. The truth comes out only when Matthew Cuthbert, Marilla's brother, accidentally finds the brooch. Children are often persuaded through fear, fear of punishment, fear of forfeiting something nice and pleasant.Compelled respect also implies fear and is not real. Just as one cannot be made to love, one cannot be made to r espect. When children are compelled to respect and obey somebody rather imposing, they usually do it only in his or her presence and hate, despise them and hold them in contempt behind their backs. And that's quite natural, Isnt it? For real, genuine respect can only be won: one is to be respected in one's own right, that is for one's own virtues, merits and achievements, not because of one's position, rank or status. No wonder affectionate and caring towards her.He buys a beautiful dress for the girl to wear at Christmas ball. On the whole, the problem of the difficult child arises when the psychological atmosphere in which a child is being brought up is not friendly, but hostile to him or her, or when a child doesn't get enough love, attention, care, affection, reassurance, and praise. When grown-ups are inconsistent in their requirements and demands, go back on their word, etc. , when a child is over- criticised, not trusted, the results are similar. To conclude, one may say that there are no difficult children, but Just misguided adults who can't find a way with them.However, there are such cases when a child misbehaves due to organic and other pathologies and diseases. Then a doctor, a psychologist should be consulted. * Anne Shirley is a girl of eleven raised in an orphanage. She is accidentally sent to Miss Marilla Buthbert and Mr. Matthew Cuthbert, middle-aged sister and brother living together at Green Gables, a farm in Avonlea, who have originally requested a boy as a helper on their farm. ** For forms of punishment see â€Å"The Lumber Room† by H. H. Munro. bringing up child Children ‘s has their own world. Understanding their needs and addressing the ame,is important.Some of the tips below may help you to upbring your child . 1. Allow the children's to choose the food items, dress items, playing things. Imagine you boss wants you to do something, which you do not want to do. You cannot neglect. Either you will do or you try to convince him. If you can't able to convince him , you have to carryout his instructions. Same way you treat you child. But don't forget , if you explain the child about the consequences , when she or he in normal , it will give fruitfull effect. So, don't try to push your thinking on them. 2. Allow them o ask no of questions.You will accept that, by asking questions your IQ grows. Don't shout on them , when they ask unwanted questions also. Try to explain as much you can. This will increase confidence level in children's. Not only that, it provoke positive approach towards parents to child. This will help you when they grow . 3. Teach the things as it is. Wherever you take the child , you try to explain the child , the surrounding things as it is. Whether it is technical or non technical or simple things. Don't try to be too smart by explaining the simple thing in a complicated way.By doing so, your child memory will sharpen and your energy will not get exhausted. ln future they will able t o mean it what you said. 4. Try not to teach them. Mean's change your bad habits and attitude towards anything inorder to cultivate good habit in children's. Because upto five years the child try to learn activities from mother and father. Either the style of talking or walking or other habits. 5. Totally avoid punishments. Make them understand in their own way. Being harsh, we are hardening the child's mind. This will make the child's life miserable in future.

Managing Diversity at Cityside Financial Services Essay - 2

Managing Diversity at Cityside Financial Services - Essay Example Challenges of diversity for hiring, management, development and retention practice as well as solution are discussed with respect to the case study. Ethical and legal issue of strategic talent management and development and Cityside Financial Services are discussed. Human Capital The importance of human capital is gaining increasing significance in the recent competitive environment. Corporations are identifying the magnitude of investing and allocating the resources in their human capital. This is due to the perception that in order to stay on a leading position in the global economy, they have to appreciate and develop their human capital (Alta Associates, 2006). Impact of Diversity on Organization There are several changes in the cultural aspects of an organization that complicates the management to understand the cultural diversity and its affect upon an organization. An organization can be affected through primary and secondary diversity of human resources. The primary diversity embraces ethnicity, age, race and abilities or qualities. The secondary diversity comprises of educational background, religious beliefs, work experience, marital status and person belonging to a region. All these factors of the primary and the secondary diversity have a great impact on organizations in terms of performance, conflicts, disputes and other related aspects of an organization.... The affect of diversity upon an individual’s career and an organizational effectiveness is illustrated through a diagram represented below in figure 1. Source: (Moon, 1997). The model represented in figure 1 demonstrates that an individual’s group associations such as gender, age and race can be analyzed on the basis of three levels namely organizational, intergroup and individual. These three factors will collectively assist in determining the diverse environmental impact upon the organization. This environment influences individuals’ and organizations’ outcomes that may be in the nature of achievement outcomes or it may be effective outcomes. These outcomes of an individual might have an impact on organizational productivity, quality as well as other factors (Moon, 1997). Impact of Diversity on Human Capital Management Diversity driven workforce of an organization has a great impact upon human capital management. The diverse workforce may not ensure prop er decision making, creativity, flexibility along with several other aspects. Therefore, unique and multicultural workforce needs to be refined and promoted so that the workforce gets a chance to express their viewpoints. Higher employee turnover and conflicts occur when there is poor diversity management. In this situation, ‘value in diversity’ approach is required in order to derive benefit from positive effects of diversity and in turn helps to avoid the effects that are negative in nature. There are organizations that value diversity and take its advantage by encouraging the workforce for participating in organizational decisions and develop their perspectives and skills (McMillan-Capehar & Aaron, 2009). Challenges of Diversity for Hiring, Management,

Saudi Consumers Perceptions and Reactions Research Proposal

Saudi Consumers Perceptions and Reactions - Research Proposal Example Theoretical framework and hypothesis are also developed in the light of existing literature while in some cases the researcher has used practical examples to justify the points. The researcher has found that very few researchers conducted research on Saudi consumer’s perception regarding CSR initiatives of companies hence researcher has the scope to fulfil the gap in the literature by conducting research on the topic. Probable research methodology and timeline of the research work has also been discussed in the proposal while understanding significance of the research will be another pivotal aspect of this paper. Chapter 1: Introduction/Background In the last 50 years, the world has become increasingly global and the business world has seen development of various management concepts such as corporate social responsibility (CSR), stakeholder theory, corporate governance, corporate ethics etc. Nalband and Al-Amri (2013) pointed out that legitimacy has become key mantra for succe ss for corporate in the last 15 years. Research work of Nalband and Al-Amri (2013) reveals the fact that theoretical focus of the scholars are shifting from strategic management issues to legitimacy and good stewardship for companies. Stakeholders and shareholders are also demanding for good stewardship for directors in the organisations and integration is taking place in global capital markets. In such context, Nalband and Al-Amri (2013) has conjecturally pointed out that importance of CSR has been re-invented by companies in the last couple of years. In the changing world, CSR has two dimensions, 1- governments are encouraging companies to improve corporate governance practices and ensure ethical policy makings in order to raise capital collection from domestic and foreign investors and 2- companies are trying to increase social welfare & stewardship activities not only to provide social good to unprivileged sections of the society but also to improve brand image among external st akeholders such as customers. Nalband and Al-Amri (2013) found that Practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is quickly getting acceptance among organizations Saudi Arabia but for most customers, CSR is not more than a management jargon. Nalband and Al-Amri (2013, p. 285) stated that â€Å"Nobody in Saudi Arabia, I think still to this very day, can clearly tell the difference between charity or philanthropy and CSR.† Surprising fact is that, although Nalband and Al-Amri (2013) raised question on the understanding level of Saudi consumers regarding CSR initiatives of companies but till date, very few researchers have conducted research on the topic. Hence, significant amount of research scope exist for researchers to conduct research on the topic named as â€Å"Saudi Consumers perceptions and reactions to companies CSR (corporate social responsibility) initiatives.†

The Concept of Customer Perceptions and Expectations With Respect To Essay

The Concept of Customer Perceptions and Expectations With Respect To Service Quality - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the service quality of the travel and tourism industry has declined over the years with the rise in the number of passengers and decrease in the price of the tickets. The dimensions of service quality are also measured that are presently delivered by the industry. A comparative analysis of quality perceptions among a number of organizations in the same industry had helped in determining the gap in the quality of the perceived and expected service. The present article has focused on an exhaustive study and the findings are based on a number of tools and strategies, which is recommended for the success of the industry. These tools help in improving the service quality of the travel and tourism industries. Academics and researchers have been constantly focusing on measurement and conceptualization of factors associated with service quality as well as its influence on the performance of businesses. Despite the extreme importance service quality exerts on the o verall strategic planning procedure and corporate success, no precise or ideal definitions have been developed surrounding the concept of service quality. The most precise and followed concept of service quality was given by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry which defined service quality as â€Å"a global judgment, or attitude, relating to the superiority of the service†. Most of the researchers and academics agree to the aforementioned definition and follow it regularly. Service quality can also be explained as the overall impression of a consumer regarding the relative superiority or inferiority of an organization as well as its services. Delivering unparalleled service quality required conforming to the expectations of the customers on a regular and consistent manner and offering them a better quality service that their expectations.

The promotion of stroke and heart diseases Research Paper

The promotion of stroke and heart diseases - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Stroke and heart diseases are the third and the first reported diseases respectively that result in high death rate in both men and women in the United States of America. Additionally, they are considered to be the major widespread and high-cost diseases that most nations have to deal with. However, it is important for citizens to take the initiative in order to prevent these particular diseases. This is because these type of diseases can be easily prevented and thus reduce the death rates caused by the same. According to research, 33.6 % of a total number of deaths that occurred in the United States of America was as a result of either stroke or other forms of heart diseases. Statistics further indicate that 150,000 deaths that occurred in 2007 in American were individuals below the age of 65. Moreover, the aforementioned diseases not only cause death but also disability with more than 4 million cases in the United States has been cau sed by the same. Moreover, it can be pointed out that high death rates caused by both stroke and heart diseases are not the only problem these diseases. In 2010, the cost of treating these diseases was approximated to be $444 in the United States of America. Furthermore, the cost of treatment for these two diseases is approximately $1 for every $ 6 spent in treating other forms of illness in the United States of America. Therefore, treatment of both stroke and heart diseases impacts negatively on the funds and other resources of the country’s healthcare scheme.

The concept of normality in relation to homosexuality Essay

The concept of normality in relation to homosexuality - Essay Example The normality of homosexuality is a debatable issue. During my exploration on this topic, I relied on information from books, scholarly journals, and website sources. Ultimately, the conclusion will establish whether the world is better off without these rigid â€Å"normal† / â€Å"abnormal† labels and why. I base my analysis on an article â€Å"The normality of homosexuality† written by Alicia Mullins and published by The Maine Campus on April 06, 2006. I chose this source because it explains the meaning of heteronormativity in relation to homosexuality. I relied on the article â€Å"Homosexuality: Normality or Abnormality in U.S. Society† written by Nicole Higginbotham and published by Bellevue University on November 21, 2011. This article explains whether homosexuality is normality or an abnormality. I also base my analysis on the article â€Å"Homosexuality is normal so it should not be considered wrong† by Matt Slick and published by CARM. This article addresses the statistics, biology, and evolution of normality in the context of homosexuality. I relied on a 2009 article by Richard Balkin and others in the Journal of Counseling and Development journal. The journal article investigates the relationships between religious identity, sexism, homophobia, and multicultural competence. My analysis also relied on the book â€Å"The Battle for Normality† by G. J. M. van den Aardweg and published by Ignatius Press in 1997. This book offers advice to homosexuality afflicted.

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT - ASSIGNMENT 2 Essay

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT - ASSIGNMENT 2 - Essay Example They fail to specify priorities and focus. (Daniel Petersen, 1995) Such objectives don't map the trip ahead - the finding of better worth and solutions for the client. The objectives must be: Objectives set out what the business is trying to attain. Objectives can be set at two levels. These levels are Corporate and Functional level. At Corporate level the objectives concern the business or organization as a whole. Examples of corporate objectives might include: There are several ways in which the objectives set by an organization can be communicated across effectively. The importance of communicating objectives is equal to the importance of setting them. As it's useless to set objectives if they are not properly communicated to the workers. The objectives of an organization shape its future deals and planning. The objectives of a company also help them in attracting potential customers. It is a vital task to communicate the objectives of the organization and these are the following ways that can be adopted to do so. By distributing booklets it is meant that a written form of organization objectives is available to all the workers. The reason behind it to make sure that every employee is clearly aware of all the objectives, but there is a draw back as how many people are reading the booklet cannot be checked. By putting up the objectives on the notice board makes sure that ever... By putting up the objectives on the notice boards. By revising the objectives daily By making sure every employee is aware of the objectives By circulating pamphlets By distributing booklets it is meant that a written form of organization objectives is available to all the workers. The reason behind it to make sure that every employee is clearly aware of all the objectives, but there is a draw back as how many people are reading the booklet cannot be checked. By putting up the objectives on the notice board makes sure that everyone is seeing them daily but it still not helps in confirming that everyone has read them. (Frank Corrado, 1994). Another effective method can be that the team leader or the departmental head makes sure that he revises the objectives set by the organization daily and is ready to help explain them if someone is having a problem understanding them. Ans. 2 An organization needs to make sure that every single of their employee or worker is aware of the objectives that have been set by the organization. One might doubt why we need to set up objectives in the first place, why not let the company or a particular activity just run effortlessly into the future and see where it gets. (Daniel Petersen, 1995) That would be the case only if we really do not care whether the activity in discussion will be doing well or not: but then, to use a popular saying, "if something deserves to be performed, then it deserves to be performed well". In other words, if we don't care for the outcome, we should not proceed with the act at all. Awareness of objectives among the workers or employees is important, for several reasons: It gives a mark to aim to, therefore all actions and hard work will be focused on attaining the objective instead of being

Policy Change Proposal Introductory Paragraph Assignment

Policy Change Proposal Introductory Paragraph - Assignment Example According to Clark, Friedman & Fadus Children especially in schools need practical exercises to prevent obesity and high blood pressure. This will help reduce the problem of diabetes among children by almost a hundred percent since it is the main cause of diabetes among children. Moreover, school going children need to learn the importance of keeping together and working as one without the risks of ethnic groups in order to control the chances of children contracting diabetic due to ethnic lines. Therefore, the federal government and health stakeholders need to control and prevent the spread of diabetes among children by acting upon the above-mentioned ideas to realize reduce of diabetes among children and adults. Suicide is self-attempted murder that is prohibited at all cost. Stern actions are often taken to any individual or group found practicing it or assisting anyone in performing the act. Therefore, medics or any other health practitioners found assisting an individual by providing euthanasia, assisted suicide or mercy killing need arrest and face the full weight of the law as Mason, Leavitt & Chaffee make their view. The public policy and the federal government need to act and pass stern conditions to people found guilty of the offence or people who assist others in suicidal process because it is unlawful and violation to human rights based on the Congress of the united states of

Organisations and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisations and management - Essay Example There is a widespread denial of slavery in management studies, which primarily focus on victims thereby ignoring the role of enterprises and managers in the most atrocious human rights abuses in modern management practice. This article proposes that management research should play a role in explaining why slavery persists in modern day business practices even in the presence of rules, norms, and practices that are meant to discourage it. This article develops a model of modern day slavery as a management practice, which highlights the manner in which modern day organizations succeed in exploiting certain competitive as well as institutional conditions that generate slavery. Similarly, this theory reveals how companies insulate themselves against all forms of institutional pressures that discourage slavery while shaping or sustaining those conditions that promote slavery or prevent it. The evolution of slavery from a formally sanctioned practice to a criminalized practice bound to the informal economy has enhanced the ambiguity and dynamism of slavery in modern business practice, thereby posing challenges for its definition; a precise definition of modern slavery distinguishes it as â€Å"the exercise of ‘powers attaching to the right of ownership’† (Crane, 2013). Modern slaves are compelled to work by threats and they are owned or manipulated by their employer by use of mental, physical as well as threatened abuse; similarly, modern slaves are dehumanized and treated as property besides being physically constrained in their movements and being economically exploited through underpayment. Despite the many forms of slavery and the various business models through which it can be deployed, slavery is essentially an attempt to illegitimately underprice labor, thus, establishing the illegitimate practices through which enterprises achieve underpricing and survival is essential in understanding modern

Recording, Analysing & Using HR & L&D information Essay Example for Free

Recording, Analysing Using HR LD information Essay There are several reasons why an organisation needs to collect HR data and are no different. During my review I have discovered the following reasons we are collecting this information and examples of information that we are collecting: †¢Legal requirements- This has covered working time regulations, tribunals, accident at work reports †¢To be able to contact family or individuals- This allows us easy access to personal details in case of accidents, sickness or emergency contacts †¢To allow for decision making- Information stored allows us to consider promotions, planning training associated costs, work force planning Types of information: †¢Sickness records- Allows HR to track staff sickness and provides evidence for use of the staff sickness policy. †¢Staff appraisals- these allow HR to track the progress of staff, reward high standards and address offer support for staff who any areas to work on. These also allow the HR department to plan future training requirements as agreed through appraisals. †¢Staff contracts- by storing these it allows HR to maintain their records and consult with the documents if any queries occur for entitlements, holidays, sickness, retirements, pay, etc. †¢Training records- these are essential records that allow the HR department to track and maintain the workforce’s level of competency and training as identified through the individual’s appraisals, CPD and job descriptions which are vital for client audits. It also helps to build the training plan and associated budget requirements. During my review I discovered that had 2 methods on holding these types of information. A manual filing system, where documents are stored in filing cabinets and in their computerised system, , where documents are created, stored and scanned into the company computer system. The benefits of these two methods are: Manual System †¢Less costs involved for storage †¢Original hard copies that are easy to access †¢System can’t go down like a computer system †¢No need for technical support or technical training Computerised system- †¢Documents can be viewed anywhere in the company †¢Easy to access Send information †¢Takes up less space †¢Environmentally friendly †¢Easy to update Backup documents Due to the personal information that handles, there is a number of legal obligations that they must abide by to protect that information under the Data Protection Act 1998. As such we must comply with the 8 data protection principles in that personal Data shall: 1)Be fairly and lawfully processed 2)Processed for limited purposes 3)Adequate, relevant and not excessive 4)Accurate and up to date 5)Not kept longer than is necessary 6)Processed in line with your rights 7)Secure 8)Not transferred to other countries without adequate protection. Another legislation that governs this is the freedom of information Act. This provides the public access to information held by public authorities. It does this in two ways: †¢Public authorities are obliged to publish certain information about their activities; and †¢Members of the public are entitled to request information from public authorities. For the public to gain this information they must provide a written request with their: †¢Name †¢Address †¢Description of information And can be liable to a cost for providing this information, but will be entitled to a notice stating reasons if request is refused. Word count 542 Activity 2 Training department The training department currently consists of the Training and competency manager and a training co-ordinator. Their role has been to support the projects, offer advice on training and competency requirements whilst organising any training that is required. Training I have analysed the training that has been completed since June 2013, looking at the qualitative data consisting of the different types of training and analysing the quantitative data including the total of over 600 candidates and shown this in data base and a Bar Graph (appendix 1) To allow us to accommodate this essential amount of training, we have had to utilise different training providers ranging from within our own group, , local providers HITs, Sureclean and STS and even gaining cooperation from providers based in London, workplace Law. By utilising these training providers, we have been able to provide a trained workforce as required for our projects but at a substantial cost to our business and with different standards of delivery. Since June, Training department have been responsible for arranging the following courses that we could easily facilitate given the correct investment: 24 Confined Space sessions at a cost of 1 1st Aid Course at a cost 5 Helper Training at a cost 3 IOSH managing safely at a Cost of As this clearly demonstrates, a substantial volume of capital constantly has to be allocated to training our project workforce to bring them up to the required competence standard for each project. Unfortunately as they are not on permanent contracts these new skill sets and level of competence can and does disappear with the employees when they leave the project and as such means that we will require continued training to maintain this level and as such incur continuous costs. I Believe that by investing in our own Training facility and dedicated team, it would allow to provide a significant cost effective and fit for purpose training to meet national standards and project requirements to our workforce. An example of the benefits of having our own team and facility is the fact of the costing’s for delivery of our supervisory training on IOSH managing safely courses. preferred supplier for this training at present has been. I have negotiated their cost down from approximately ? 8000 to the following: IOSH MANAGING SAFELY Figures based on 15 delegates over 3 days Cost per delegate @ ? 650. 00 per delegate? 3000 Mileage for Trainer @ 45p per mile? 108. 00 Room Hire @ ? 100 per day? 300. 00 Food/Refreshments @ ? 209 per day? 627. 90 Total cost? 3,927. 90 Using our own trainer Projected Costs: Per course Managing Safely ? 50 Delegate Workbooks ? 1815? 270 ?20 per certificate x15? 300 Food/Refreshments @ ? 209 per day? 627. 90 Trainer x 3 days? 345 Total cost? 1592. 90 It is very clear from this quantitative data that a significant saving by having our own trainer and training facility as we do not have any of the extra costs involved for having the trainer traveling, staying in hotels and booking of suitable training rooms.

Empowerment of the American Noncommissioned Officer Essay Example for Free

Empowerment of the American Noncommissioned Officer Essay The American Noncommissioned Officer of today is held in high esteem by the Military. The Military considers the American Noncommissioned Officer as the backbone of the Army. The Military also considers the Noncommissioned Officer as a Professional Soldier, a soldier with special skills and an experienced leader. The Noncommissioned Officer is a soldier that makes a career of the Military more so than the Commissioned Officers. The Noncommissioned Officer of today can be found beside their Commanding Officer or other Commissioned Officers. But this was not always so (Cited in Gates, Vuonon Introduction 1775). Individuals outside the Military consider the Noncommissioned Officer as lazy, not worth the time to educate or even to train. And they don’t have the same skills as a Commissioned Officer. A stigma they still carry today with those outside the Military. Most non-military individuals have no idea what the noncommissioned officer education status is or what their career goals are. In order to understand the evolution of the Noncommissioned Officer, let’s go back to the beginning and move forward. The History of the Noncommissioned Officer is long and spans from the Revolutionary War to Present day. The Revolutionary War is where they held the status of the regular enlisted man. The Noncommissioned Officers status would change somewhat during this War. Their worth would be tested on and off the field of battle. Revolutionary War In 1775 all Noncommissioned Officers were as regular enlisted men until, a change in regulation was constituted, (Cited in Hogan, Fisch, Wright 2005, p. 24). Baron Fredrick Wilhelm Steuben’s Contribution Baron Fredrick Wilhelm Steuben joined the Revolutionary Army as a volunteer. He possessed considerable military knowledge. He wrote the new regulation for the Noncommissioned Officer, â€Å"The regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States 1779†. Noncommissioned Officers were selected by and responsible to the Commanding Officer and subject to the Battalion or Regiment Commander. Steuben’s regulation aided the Noncommissioned Officer’s evolving role as Care Taker of Soldiers. Steuben found this area weak in the Revolutionary Army. Steuben’s regulation also introduced a new emphasis on the Noncommissioned Officers battlefield role. Enhancing his status and further distinguishing him from his British counterpart. Steuben’s system provided training the Noncommissioned Officer in leadership skills. Under this new regulation the Noncommissioned Officer now stood behind the Commissioned Officer. He did not fire Volleys, but saved his ammunition for the protection of the Captain or Lieutenant. Noncommissioned Officers thus became essential figures in linear tactics that survived until the Civil War (cited in Hogan, Fisch, Wright 2005). Battle of 1812 The professional military was viewed by the civilians as dregs and too lazy to grasp the opportunities of a civil way of life. Professional education was unknown beyond rudimentary on the job instruction by the company or regiment. Noncommissioned Officer’s in Artillery, engineers, medical, and signal corps received specialized training (cited in Hogan, Fisch, Wright 2005). Major General Anthony Wayne and Secretary of War Jefferson Davis Contributions Major General Anthony Wayne and Secretary of War Jefferson Davis made sure Noncommissioned Officers were not disciplined in front of their men. Davis supported the commissioning of officers from Noncommissioned Officers that could pass the exam. Not withstanding their comparative low status the Noncommissioned Officers played a very critical role in the Army of the New Nation (cited in Hogan, Fisch, Wright 2005 p. 26). The Civil War The dynamics of the Noncommissioned Officer changes during the Civil War in a lot of different ways. The Army of the Union looses a quarter of its Commissioned Officers to sympathy with the Confederacy and leave to serve in the Confederacy. Providing an opportunity for the Noncommissioned Officer’s to elevate their status on the battlefield. Another change they will have to overcome is the advancement in weapons, and a change in battlefield tactics. Muskets were replaced with the rifle musket. With better aim and accuracy casualties were horrendous. Linear tactics were outdated with the advancement of these weapons. Even more powerful weapons were introduced late in the Civil War, breech-loading rifle, Calvary carbine and the Gatlin Gun. This underscored the need for more open formations than were called for during the Revolutionary War. Unit Commanders gradually introduced such formations to reduce the vulnerability of their men, due to the volume and accuracy of enemy fire. Bvt. Major General Emory Upton prepared a manual, greater emphasis upon simplicity of maneuver. His instruction could be taught more easily by the Noncommissioned Officers to the new troops, shortening training time and increasing the soldier’s effective term of service. The gradual elimination of linear tactics after the Civil War redefined the Noncommissioned Officers combat leadership roles†. (p. 28-29) Technology revolution continued to sweep all the Armies, supplying both the infantry and artillery weapons with greater lethality. These weapons finally broke the use of close masses types of battle to a more open order of combat. As the aim and accuracy improved with these newer weapons close massed combat was no longer feasible. Open combat brought the Noncommissioned Officer the opportunity of small unit leadership. Now the Noncommissioned Officer is maintaining order in a more complex battlefield (Cited Hogan, Fisch, Wright 2005 p. 30). 1898-1902 Upton states a warning of the inadequacy of the Noncommissioned Officers training. These years till the end of the Century bring changes to the Noncommissioned officer. The need for better training is ignored and would have to wait until World War I (Cited Hogan, Fisch, Wright 2005). The United States is now becoming a super power. The Government and its Citizens now have interests overseas. World War I II to Present day World War I opens the landscape of the modern warfare. This war produces massive changes in weapons and technology. The weapons are the Springfield rifle, submachine gun and the automatic machine gun. The combustion engine is introduced to the battlefield. With this engine a new type of dynamics are introduced late in the war. With the invention of the combustion engine comes the airplane and the gas powered truck and later the armored Tank. During the World Wars, were the wars of the NCO’s of the specialized divisions. These NCO’s show their skills as specialists in Artillery and weapons. Trench fighting combat takes its toll on the NCO’s and to generate more personnel they enlist the help of the retired NCO’s to train stateside, to produce already efficient soldiers with experience. This trend continues through World War II. Closing The Empowerment of the Noncommissioned Officer has been throughout history, from the different battlefields that they have fought on to the advancement of weapons to new technologies. All these have contributed to their empowerment on, and off the fields of battle. And new regulations and new reforms in their status have also aided them. Here history must speak for itself. The Noncommissioned officers were trained and educated and were prepared for their empowerment throughout history. The NCO’s of today have earned their right to be called the professional soldier. Non military individuals will continue to think of the NCO’s as shiftless and lazy, until they have read what has been accomplished by the NCOs. But history will speak for them. In my opinion this trend of empowerment will continue well into the future as long as there are wars to be fought and new battlefields to conquer you can count on the Noncommissioned Officer will be there to fight for our freedom.

The Punishment Of Murder In The Uk Criminology Essay

The Punishment Of Murder In The Uk Criminology Essay A crime specifies that there are constantly changing ideas, perceptions, and conceptions regarding what constitutes criminal behaviour. The topic that is a constant treat to the United Kingdom is what generates a murder to form, what kind of people be liable to perform these unlawful acts and furthermore other characteristics that may be the causation of the crime. Theses are the questions that the UK is prompt with at the moment and looking at these through a criminologist prospective we shall reveal what are the characteristics of unlawful crime of murder and furthermore the if capital punishment that should be indulged upon a murder. Murder is defined as The unlawful killing of another human being under the queens peace with malice forethought  [1]  . This definition provides an understanding of what the law states of murder; and furthermore shows that a person needs to have intention of committing murder. But the issue that constitutes is what makes a murderer to commit violent and unlawful acts. A criminologist would state that the background of the murderers comprise in a murder killing, but there is mainly a combination of factors that help perform these unlawful acts and they are biological, psychological, social, and economic. A criminologist would state that a lower class group or an lower class individual at the age of 16 20 tend to commit murders outstanding to the monetary or the social backgrounds and society they perpetrate in but issues are taken into account for mandate is the background reasons that build up unlawful acts of a murderer are a result in a combination of anger, jealously, revenge, pride or greed. But furthermore some murderers of a lower class mandate are a desire for control, revenge, and power. Frequently these factors when endorse is a potential of criminal activities of an individual. A criminologist would state that an incorporation of these factors is behind a person who has the mens rea in committing a crime. Also a murderer shall be classe d in accordance to the manner of how the murder was performed and inflicted upon another human being. The categorical area a murderer is put into is a serial killer, mass murder and spree killer. A serial killer is defined as individuals who have a history of multiple killing of victims who were usually unknown to them beforehand. Their crimes are committed as a result of a pressure that consistently has roots in the killers; a serial killer tends to commit a murder crime in one location and it was stated by Holmes and De Burger  [2]  .  [3]  Whereas a mass murderer commits murder of multiple numbers of people, this may be performed by a one person or a group of people.  [4]  The last form of murder killing is spree killing, spree killing is stated as a killing of two or more killing and commit murder in more that one location unlike serial killing and furthermore there is no break between the murders.  [5]  A murderer tends to commit crimes against a certain individuals for purposeful reasons. The types of people a murderer would target to victimisation of murder are pensioners for valuable items, it is mainly a sociological reason being money and the reason they may be murdered as they can not be seen as fighting back for they life. A lowers class person between an age group of 16-20 year old are likely to commit crimes and are helpless to getting murdered depending on the crimes they are committing and babies are a constant treat as the current British official statistics on babies changeability increasing from a total of 15% in the period of 2008 and 2009  [6]  . This shows that babies are targeted as vulnerable victims. Furthermore The British crime statistics show that homicide has been at a high but is dramatically dropping, through out the period of that 2000-2009. The official statistics illustrates the figures decreasing from 1,047 to 615 homicides this shows that most murders have decreased but the factor that needs to be taken into account is that capital pu nishments were at a high death ratio within that period and the punishments of death penalties have changed dramatically as there are more helping public bodies providing support towards the police stopping a crime of murder before it transpires. Looking at the homicide statistics of crime it is categorised into manslaughter, murder and infanticide, so this does not provide an understanding on how murders tend to be committed without the two categories and does not distinguish how much murders are happening each year. The other factor that is raised from the statistics state that men are mainly being killed at a high level that women as the percentage of men being killed for homicide is 39 % whereas female victims homicide are at a percentage of 11%  [7]  . This illustrates that men are more likely to be killed than women regarding to murder. Some theorist would state that the results of these deaths come from sociological, biological functionalism theories. The history of theor ies helps distinguish what is the causation of crime and furthermore the performance of crime. The theory of functionalism is a theoretical perspective of sociology.   Sociology examines the situations in which people live and how these situations affect them. Some writers may state that the way a person lives should not affect the way a person reacts towards a high crime of murder. Sociology examines the question of why the world is the way that it is.  Functionalism looks at society through a functional framework which stresses on everything; the functionalism method is an objective social world with similarity between the individual human being and society. Functionalisms look at the positivity of the society and always see the good in everything  [8]  . Some theorist may look at the point at looking at society as a positive way, this quote may not please peoples views towards positivity depending on what problematic issues people have been through in the past and furthermore people may not like the way society as treated an individual. The biological positivist looks at the offenders persons characteristics, this was popularised by the work of Lombroso  [9]  . Lombroso attempted to distinguish between different types of human individuals with classification of racial and biological differences. Lombroso wanted to establish a link between criminality by particular traits which correspond to various stages of human evolution. Lombroso stated that a criminal can be identified through a stigma of physical attributes such as, low intellect, high cheekbones and large ears, extra nipples, fingers or toes, an asymmetric jaw and finally tattoos, Lombroso had also stated that these criminals behaved in a different way for example low inability in the following factors, no social and moral issues, no differentiate between right and wrong, no guilt or remorse, no feelings towards other people and no form of any relationship.  [10]  So if a criminologist would look at Lombroso factors, there would be disagreements to th e issues raised by the theorist as the physical features of a human should not be predicted or labeled when born of them physical attributes. This may amount to people being sentences do death without the need of any evidence enclosure. Furthermore people may get the physical features of what was stated by Lombroso as to accidents, which may label a person as being a criminal. So it was tested by Goring  [11]  on a group and there was no significant behavior but it was criticised that Goring did not have a proper control group and the criminal samples contained mostly mentally disturbed people but he also accepted the fact that the environment does contribute to the growth of criminal behaviour.  [12]  the legal theorist basically stated that the attributes lead to murder killers, as a result the tattoos where seen has being a issue that was raised and it shows that it as a affect on murders as it provided a understanding of how society use tattoos telling how much murders t hey have committed and what gang culture they are from for example, the Thailand gangs tend to use tattoos as a symbol for distinguishing what gangs they are from and furthermore the gang reputation. In conclusion, after looking at the approaches of theorist and why people commit such crimes, it should be considered in real cases on whether or not punishment in the UK is effective or should consider using more fatal punishment similar to Capital punishment. Q2. Robert Mochrie was a middle class worker, whose occupation was taking family photograph, taken when his wife Cathy was awarded a degree at Cardiff University, and also had four children in school. Robert Mochrie had realised that his Mrs Cathy was having another affair with another male sex named David Osborne from south Wales. He had stated that he had an intimate and sexual relationship with Mrs Mochrie. This caused the murders to result in murdering the family as it emotionally and mentally affected Mr. Mochrie to commit an unlawful act of murder. Mochrie himself, killed the whole family in a hotel, Haverford west in South Wales because he hanged himself after murdering his wife, Cathy, along with Bethan, 10, Luke, 14, Sian, 16, and James, 18, in July last year. It shows that Mr Mochrie had affected the mental thinking which resulted in the actus rea of the crime  [13]  . Looking at a criminologist prospective this case distinguishes that Robert Mochrie falls in the definition of a mass murder as an individual committed multiple killing one and if a theorist was to approach this scenario he or she would look at various theories to see what the causation of the crime. A theorist would firstly look at it form the prospective of functionalism theory as it states that as a couple they should stay together and work together, it shows relating back to the scenario that the situation that Robert Mochrie was the issue of Mrs Cathy indulging with someone else whilst in the presences of Mr. Roberts. This had an affect on the mental state has it resulted in committing the brutality of the family annihilation. It shows from the theory that it should look at things in a positive way, but in relation to the scenario Mr. Robert in this case could not take the issue that had happen in a positive way as it affect the thinking of what his wife had done and the mental t hinking of Mr. Robert had not been take it into account that his wife would ever sleep with another man after being married and having four children which resulted in not allowing is wife to sleep with another man and in stopping this he committed the unlawful act. Whereas looking at another killer like Roaul moat who was a serial killer, Raoul Moat, was 37-year-old man and his occupation was a tree surgeon, bouncer and panel beater but it furthermore stated that Roaul Moat had injected himself with steroids which produced anger problems and had issues with old wife. He was from Newcastle upon Tyne, shot three people with a shot gun after two days after his release from Durham prison for previous convictions he had killed, his ex-girlfriend Samantha Stobbart, her new partner Chris Brown, and police officer David Rath band. Brown was killed after a man hunt was taken out in Roth bury after and the police tasered Roaul Moat which resulted in him committing suicide with his shotgun.  [14]  . If a theorist was to examine Roaul Moat scenario it would be looked at the prospective of biologist as it mainly complies with the theory of Lombroso has the murderer Roaul Moat had the physical characteristics of low intellect, high cheek bones as he was a bodybuilder, who had taken steroids which resulted in him having anger management problems to influence a murder or commit a crime. Hes suitable in the terms of the theory and furthermore Roaul Moat also is adequate with the functionalism theory as there was lack of positivity in Roaul Moat as a criminal record from previous shows and furthermore a previous relationship may have started the chain of causations. Having looked at what may have caused the chain of causation, it should be suggested on whether or not they should be given an imprisonment for life or capital punishment to death. Capital punishment is a punishment to death and since ancient times it has been used for a wide variety of offences. In England, only major offences carried the death penalty treason, murder, larceny, burglary, rape, and arson and it was stated in Waltham Black Acts, where it increase in the number of people being put to death each year. The statistics the peak year was 1785 with 307 people given a death penalty and furthermore in the year 1800 the population was just 9 million. The reform of death penalty was criticised in Europe 1750s, by French philosopher Cesare Beccaria and the English law reformer argued that the punishment of death was needlessly cruel has it was irrelevant to crimes like rapes has rehabilitation or other forms of method may have mentally have changed on committing unlawful crimes and looked at a more rational alternative a life imprisonment. But some writers would state that capital punishment was a preferable way in removing the worst criminals forever from society and helps provide a much safer place for other society users of Britain. Furthermore the dead criminals cannot commit any further crimes. Furthermore the issue that arise towards death penalty is the issue on monetary being spent on murders and the concern that are raised is the UK does not have an unlimited service, furthermore the government is exploiting money on murder killers rather that people with bigger issues like helping old, young and other people with a illness like cancer, rather than on the long term imprisonment of murderers. Spending money for life time imprisoned murders is not seen has being a real punishment whereas an execution is seen acceptable as retribution is seen by many member states of other countries after seeing the results of the death penalty has had a deterrence on the criminal activity. Issuing a death penalty is much more likely to be a deterrent and it shall have an impact on potential criminality has time to think about the possible consequences. But when a crime is committed on a stand still there is no likelihood that any punishment will act as a deterrent. A criminologist would specify from the statistics that death penalty really affected Britain economically as a whole, as the death penalty reduced the population of Britain which affects productivity, human kind and furthermore socially but on the other the statistics shows when the act of parliament abolished capital punishment it had a dramatic impact on the numerical people given life on imprisonment. The official statistics show unlawful killings in Britain have more than doubled since abolition of capital punishment the figure for homicides in 2007 was 734 and 6,300 people are currently serving sentences of life in prison for murder. From the statistics it shows that life in prison does not really deter people from committing murder as the figures tend to be rising but looking at the reform act it looks at the people closeness between the family and friends taking the impact. Having Looked at the for arguments towards capital punishment for unlawful killing, some writers would state that there are validated consequences on why a state should not provide capital punishments but more rational punishment. The first issue that a writer may constitute is a person may be innocent and may be executed and there is no possible way of compensating them for this wrongfulness of justice. There is also another significant, a person convicted of the murder may have actually killed the victim but does not admit it is a murder charge it then comes down to the skill of the prosecution and defence lawyers as to whether there will be a conviction for murder or for manslaughter. A second reason, that is often overlooked, is family and friends of criminals are the time leading up bring of the execution. It is often very difficult for people to come to terms with the fact that their loved one could be guilty of a serious crime and no doubt even more difficult to come to terms with their death in this form. The family should not be affected for the crime someone else committed and should further look at the prospective of the criminals as they are real people too who have right to life and furthermore they incorporate pain, fear and the loss of their loved ones.  [15]  . Relating back to the two scenarios of the murderers it can be stated that Roaul Moat should be given capital punishment having killed innocent people of the public and showed no remorse as he carried his criminal activity and furthermore as Roaul moat had already served an prison sentences for previous convictions for a period of couple of years, it shows that Roaul Moat is person who is not changeable if being sent to life in imprisonment, so it would be preferable for a murder of his caliber to be sentenced to death. Looking at the mass murder Mr Mochrie it can would not be relevant to send a person like him to capital punishment as he had a issue of domestic and the life of imprisonment would have rehabilitation his mental stability but him getting a charge of life it could.

The Days :: essays research papers

It all happened so fast; it felt like a dream. I wish I could tell everybody my story but no one is listening now. Yeah, that was the best: the dreams we had. Nothing mattered except for those otherworldly dreams. Every day, Louie and I would wake up, whether it be in a high school boiler room or a urine-soaked alley, and talk about what we dreamt. He used to always have dreams with that Marshmallow Man from Ghostbusters in them. We talked about it for a while and came to the conclusion that Louie probably just wanted to sleep on a pillow. A long time ago I had a dream that Louie and I were rabid monsters and we beat each other into bloody pulps. We had a good laugh about that one. That's what kept us going day after day: dreams. Well, dreams and our "business partnership." See, we didn't hobble up to you like sick dogs and beg you for a nickel or a cigarette. We took whatever the hell you had on you. We were so good at it, too. It was all about picking the right people at the right time. Friday nights, we used to drink a 12-pack and approach people in a raging frenzy using a toy squirtgun as a concealed weapon. It was hilarious. Don't get me wrong, though: being nineteen and homeless wasn't "fun." Checking 45 year old women's pockets for money was the closest I had been to getting some in three years. I looked like the garbage that I slept in. The only time I showered was when Louie and I could afford to rent a cheap hotel room for the night. But above all, Louie and I hated being cold. Those biting Detroit winters used to suck the life out of us and not give it back until April. The date and time didn't matter in the winter; all that mattered was that you were cold. Our dreams really did keep us alive at those times. Your mind is all you've got when the rest of your limbs are numb with frostbite and hunger pulsates through your body. Louie was such a great guy. I just wish I could go back down there and talk to him. We could talk about nothing for hours upon hours. Louie would make me forget that I hadn't eaten in two days. In February, we would get wasted in parking structures and take turns smac king each other across the face until the pain and laughter made the cold go away.

Herman Melville :: essays research papers

Herman Melville created many characters in his writing that had a mysterious nature to them. Melville himself had a bit of mystery in his own personal character and this quality is shown through many characters such as Claggart and Bartleby. Besides having a mysterious side to him, this author was stubborn. Even though his work wasn’t always praised he remained determined and pretty much always wrote what he wanted to write. This stubbornness was shown through his characters Captain Veere in Billy Budd and Bartleby in the story "Bartleby the Scrivener." Melville was also passively resistant and he shows this through his characters Billy Budd and Bartleby. Herman Melville portrayed himself in his writing by giving personality traits to his literary characters that were similar to the ones he himself possessed. Melville had a strong desire to reveal the complexities of human life, so mystery was often a trait of his characters. An example of this would be his character Bartleby. Throughout the story, the reader has no clue what Bartleby is thinking, so Melville creates an air of mystery about this character. Another of Melville’s characters that show this quality is Claggart in the book Billy Budd. Claggart is constantly referred to as being mysterious, "†¦a nut not to be cracked by the top of a ladies fan (Billy Budd). Besides being mysterious, Melville is stubborn and this comes out through his characters Captain Veere and Bartleby. Like most writers, Melville’s career had its ups and downs, and his work was not always praised. Even though readers didn’t always appreciate his writing or writing style, he continued to write the books that he wanted to write. He quotes "What I feel most moved to write, that is banned- it will not pay, yet, altogether write the other way I cannot."(P. 8 Cliffs). The author shows his stubbornness through the character of Bartleby. To every request directed at him he replies, "I’d prefer not to", which suggests the authors own obstinacy. Another of Herman’s characters that has a stubborn nature is captain Veere. He does not let his own feelings of those of the crew interfere with the strict facts of the case, which eventually resulted in Billy’s death. He remains stubborn with his decision and makes no exceptio ns in any case. Another personality trait Melville portrays in his writing is passive resistance. By Melville not changing his writing style to please society he is passively resisting.

Symbols and Symbolism in Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper :: Gilman Yellow Wallpaper Essays Papers

Symbols and Symbolism in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reflecting their role in society, women in literature are often portrayed in a position that is dominated by men. Especially in the nineteenth century, women were repressed and controlled by their husbands as well as other male influences. In "The Yellow WallPaper," by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the protagonist is oppressed and represents the effect of the oppression of women in society. This effect is created by the use of complex symbols such as the house, the window, and the wall-paper which facilitate her oppression as well as her self expression. It is customary to find the symbol of the house as representing a secure place for a woman's transformation and her release of self expression. However, in this story, the house is not her own and she does not want to be in it. She declares it is "haunted," and that "there is something queer about it." Although she acknowledges the beauty of the house and especially what surrounds it, she constantly goes back to her feeling that "there is something strange about the house." Her impression is like a premonition for the transformation that takes place in herself while she is there. In this way the house still is the cocoon for her transformation. It does not take the form of the traditional symbol of security for the domestic activities of a woman, but it does allow for and contain her metamorphosis. The house also facilitates her release, accommodating her, her writing and her thoughts. These two activities evolve because of the fact that she is kept in the house. One specific characteristic of the house that symbolizes not only her potential but also her trapped feeling is the window. Traditionally this symbol represents a view of possibilities, but now it also becomes a view to what she does not want to see. Through it she sees all that she could be and everything that she could have. But she says near the end, "I don't like to look out of the windows even - there are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast." She knows that she has to hide and lie low; she has to creep in order to be a part of society and she does not want to see all the other women who have to do the same because she knows they are a reflection of herself.

Budget Management Analysis Essay

Cost variance is a way of showing the financial performance of a project. It is the mathematical difference between budgeted cost of work performed, and the actual cost of work performed. Both budgeting and forecasting are financial projections. Looking at the differences between forecasting and budgeting, forecasting is broad in scope and part of strategic planning whereas a budget is more specific and detailed, with expenditure heads specifically matched to sources of income. Cost variances may be either positive or negative figures. Negative figures happen if you spend more on a project than you allowed in your budget. Positive figures result if you spend less on a project than the budget predicted. Negative cost variance figures are almost always a bad thing for a business, as companies cannot always guarantee they can come up with the funds to cover the excess cost. However, positive cost variances are not always good for a company, either. For instance, if customer service or good quality parts are sacrificed for a positive variance, a business may not sell lose clients. Cost variance figures must be examined in the context of the business to determine the true impact those numbers will have. Managers use budget management analysis as a device to make sure that all resources available are being used efficiently. The budgets are determined yearly and are based upon the previous year’s budget and variances. Benchmarking gathers information of the performances and processes from similar organizations and compares the data to help with making improvements. Cost Variance in Budget Management Various strategies are used to control budgets; managers and the chief financial officer of most healthcare organizations have the tools needed to manage the budget. By managing the budget the organization will be better prepared for the financial forecasts, which are the company’s future expenses. Some strategies and tools that will assist with managing the budget are zero based, activity based, performance based, cost variances and benchmarking. Zero based budgeting analyzes every expense within an organization and justifies the need and cost of each. Activity based costing is the gathering of the operating cost data, which is assigned to specific activities such as engineering. The performance dashboard uses the metrics of performance and analyzes the root cause of financial problems. Cost variance analysis looks at the differences of the actual cost and expected cost of an expense. Motivating the staff and informing them of the budget goals is another strategy that may be used to help the organization succeed (Nayab, 2011). Expense Results The expense reports show the difference between the budget and the actual amount spent and the result is called the variance. Variances may be within the budget which is favorable, or over the budget which is unfavorable. The variance is used to predict the budget for upcoming years, help with spending during the current year, and help with evaluating the managers and their departments. To determine the cause of variances the managers must investigate and justify to upper management why the variance occurred. There are a variety reasons for variances, which must be identified and controlled if possible. While analyzing the nursing expense results from various units for a pay period, there were some favorable and unfavorable variances. While reviewing the expense record the paid productive hour’s variance was within the budget and the paid nonproductive hour’s variance was 60 hours over the budgeted hours. The unfavorable variance of paid nonproductive hours may have occurred due to some staff being on modified duty, sick leave, meeting time, or education time, which means they are getting paid with no patient care involved. The overtime percentage of hour’s variance was 7. 5% over the budget and the registry percentage of hour’s variance was 8. 0% over the budget, both are unfavorable. The overtime may have been caused by bad time management, late arrival of the next shift, or working past shift hours due to not enough staff. The increase in the registry hours may have been due to not enough regular staff due to hiring freeze or staff being off for personal or illness reasons. The hours per patient day (HPPD) licensed productive hours was . 13 over budget, the direct product hours was within budget, and the total productive hours was within budget. The hours per patient day over budget may have been caused by the unit being over staffed or also due to the overtime and registry hours. The average daily census (ADC) per unit varied from being within budget to 7. 50 over the budget. The daily census is very unpredictable and depends on the time of year, the admissions from ER or the clinic, and transfers from other hospitals or facilities. Strategies to keep the results aligned with expectations may be done by performance budgeting, which will analyze key areas such as staffing, cost control, increased productivity, and indirect and direct patient care. The activities affected by analyzing these performance areas would be daily staffing calculations, reduced cost to the unit, working more efficiently and better time management, patient care planning, and time spent on patient charting. Offering incentives could also be a good way to involve the staff by informing them of the budget goals. Benchmarking Benchmarking helps to identify performance gaps and identify where improvement is needed. â€Å"Benchmarking is used by large health systems and smaller practices alike as a tool to identify targets and set goals enabling staff to compare the operation’s service, process, and outcomes with those already attaining †best practice† goals† (Borglum, 2008). There are many benchmarking techniques; for the purpose of this paper three will be discussed, financial, performance, and operational. Financial benchmarking is performing a financial analysis and comparing the results in an effort to assess your overall competitiveness and productivity† (Cimasi, 2006). â€Å"[Financial benchmarking is among the more effective techniques for extracting information from a health care enterprise’s historical operating performance and presenting it in a form that facilitates informed judgments that help predict the subject entity’s future operating performance and financial condition]† (Cimasi, 2006). Performance benchmarking involves comparing the performance levels of organizations for a specific process, this information can then be used for identifying opportunities for improvement and/or setting performance targets† (Business Performance Improvement Resources, 2011). â€Å"Performance levels of other organizations are normally called benchmarks and the ideal benchmark is one that originates from an organization recognized as being a leader in the related area† (Business Performance Improvement Resources, 2011). [Performance benchmarking may involve the comparison of financial measures (such as expenditure, cost of labor, cost of buildings/equipment, cost of energy, adherence to budget, cash flow, revenue collected) or non-financial measures (such as absenteeism, staff turnover, the percentage of administrative staff to front-line staff, budget processing time, complaints, environmental impact or call center performance)]† (Business Performance Improvement R esources, 2011). Operational benchmarking embraces everything from staffing and productivity to office flow and analysis of procedures performed, this technique performs a comprehensive assessment considering different aspects of operational and business performance† (iCognitive, 2011). â€Å"Consequently, this model will help companies to improve from decision-making at the strategic level to implementations at the operational level† (iCognitive, 2011). These benchmarking choices were made based on the fact that all three techniques together will focus on the organization as a whole and not just one area, and might improve budget accuracy in future forecast. Covering finances, operation, and performance will incorporate every aspect of the budgets involved in the organization and give mangers the appropriate tools needed to justify and correct variances throughout the year and future years. Conclusion Strategies to manage budgets are used to maintain the actual cost predicted for budgets and to correct variances in cost. Variances may occur at any time, may be internal or external, and in most cases are correctable once investigated by the mangers. Benchmarking is used in strategic management and compares processes and performance to help improve organizations. The use of financial ratios and benchmarking is critical to understanding an entity’s overall historical performance and to the forecasting function of valuation analysis† (Cimasi, 2006). This paper has discussed specific strategies to manage budgets within forecast, compared five to seven expense results with budget expectations, described possible reasons for variances, gave strategies to keep results aligned with expectations, recommended three benchmarking techniques, and identified what might improve budget accuracy, and justified the choices made.

Compare the ways in which ambition is presented in Act 1 of Macbeth and chapter 5 of Frankenstein Essay

Compare the shipway in which ambition is presented in present 1 of Macbeth and chapter 5 of Frankenstein. Pay culture attention to the writers presentation of motifs and relate your thoughts to the accessible and historical content of the texts. Ambition is a passion for something so strong that weaker individuals go away become utterly seized by it. We command this in both acquaintances in the both texts. Macbeth is first shown as a majestic warrior. Shakespeare uses the language of the other characters such as the captain, to underline and suggest what had breaked and what will happen through rhythm out the plot.Shakespeare uses the accent But tout ensembles too weak/ for unfearing Macbeth to pardon Macbeths capability in the beginning of act one. Although we soon postulate that he leaves his nobility behind as his selfish ambition takes control of mind. The run-in take for been chosen to straighten out the phrase dramatic and impingementing to the audience, a s Macbeth has alone slaughtered Macdonwald, Shakespeare uses punctuation to split up the sentences as Shelly also does when Frankenstein is terrified that the monster could be lurking in his home in Inglestad when he returns with Clerval.The novelist also does this when Frankenstein becomes manic due to his abstemiousness at seeing Clerval and the fear of his knowledgeableness. This proficiency is used so that the texts are contract or performed in a disunite manner which bugger offs a sense of anticipation. bloody shame Shelley wrote Frankenstein as an outlet of her experiences throughout her preliminary years and to express her feelings of grief, anxiety and shock from her childhood. When Mary Shelley was younger, her own ambition was to have a child to love and take for. This ambition and hope was shot use up when her baby died soon after its birth.This could be the inspiration that she used for the creation and the merciless response given by the humankind to it. W e learn much roughly the protagonist victor Frankenstein and his utterly selfish ambition throughout chapter five. This is the climax of his scientific obsession, he finally manages to pay back the creature to feel after his Candle was most burnt out. Shelley uses this metaphor to indicate that Frankenstein simply had a small amount of his standard candela left to work by, and that he was constraining to giving up, and that his Candle of hope was nearly extinguished.We can see parallels between Macbeth and Frankenstein where in the last act of the play, Macbeth describes how he sees life sentence and finale. He uses the give voices Out out brief candle Lifes but a walking phantasma to display his thoughts about the light or flame of life and how he right away wishes he could blow out his candle so that he may die. A candle will flicker, shrink and get under ones skin through while and these uses of the word use up me imagine the ups and downs of our lives until final ly, they weaken and extinguish. The authors use the inclination of a candle as it is much used as a emblem of light, hope and expectation.Frankenstein describes his own ambition to reach the monster when he tells us that he had desired it with an ardour. Shelley uses desired to make us realise that Victor Frankenstein has precious this success for a long time and that he has dreamed about it, the word ardour is in this phrase as it makes one think of a racy and intense passion of love in which Frankenstein is referring to the monster by. He contradicts this by apply it in the past tense to explain that he regrets his decision to bring life to the monster. Frankenstein says that his aspiration far exceeded alleviation when talking about his hope to create a life.Shelley has used the words exceeded moderation to display the extent to which Victor Frankenstein had wished to go after as a scientist. Although Victor Frankenstein, mechanically rejects the creation when he views it s appearance. This tells me that Frankenstein is very school and intolerant as he does non give the utterly benevolent, creature a moment to be understood or loved. Shelley uses this convention to compare the Frankensteins creation a new born babe as babies are completely guileless when they are first born.Shakespeare also introduces the idea of children and violent acts with Lady Macbeth when she tells us about the horrifying moves she is willing to take to have the opportunity to become Queen. Lady Macbeth says the expression dashd the brains out to turn the beautiful and natural act of breastfeeding into something monstrous, she is canvass cleanup her babe while breastfeeding to killing King Duncan. The word dashd has been used to emphasise the speed at which she would kill her child and the Shakespeare has used punctuation to create this effect.I believe that this is where Frankenstein begins to conk due to his ambition and, in distinguish to Macbeth, he dies not realise that what he is doing and has done is wrong. Macbeth describes his hopes for King Duncans death as black and deep desires, which tells me that Macbeth recognises the ungodliness of his wishes. Frankenstein and Macbeth both soon become exacting and totally selfish. Macbeth also turns evil and bloodthirsty. Shelley and Shakespeare both warn their audience of the potential threats and consequences of move to play the role of God by creating, destroying or changing life.