Mars and Venus Caught in a Net Homers Tale of Passion

The story of Mars and Venus caught in a net is one of the adulterous lovers exposed by a cuckolded husband. The earliest form of the story that we have appears in Book 8 of the Greek poet Homers Odyssey, likely written in the 8th century B.C.E. The main roles in the play are the Goddess Venus, an adulterous, sensual woman fond of sex and society; Mars a god both handsome and virile, exciting and aggressive; and Vulcan the forger, a powerful but old god, twisted and lame. Some scholars say the story is a morality play about how ridicule kills passion, others that the story is describing how passion survives only when it is secret, and once discovered, it cannot last. The Tale of the Bronze Net The story is that the goddess Venus was married to Vulcan, god of the night and blacksmithing and an ugly and lame old man. Mars, handsome, young, and clean-built, is irresistible to her, and they make passionate love in Vulcans marriage bed. The god Apollo saw what they were about and told Vulcan. Vulcan went to his forge and created a snare made of bronze chains so fine that not even the gods could see them, and he spread them across his marriage bed, draping them all over the bed-posts. Then he told Venus he was leaving for Lemnos. When Venus and Mars took advantage of Vulcans absence, they were caught in the net, unable to stir hand or foot. The Lovers Caught Of course, Vulcan hadnt really left for Lemnos and instead found them and shouted to Venuss father Jove, who came ushering in the other gods to witness his cuckolding, including Mercury, Apollo, and Neptune—all the goddesses stayed away in shame. The gods roared with laughter to see the lovers caught, and one of them (Mercury) makes a joke that he wouldnt mind being caught in the trap himself. Vulcan demands his dowry back from Jove, and Neptune bargains for the freedom of Mars and Venus, promising that if Mars doesnt pay the dowry back he would pay it himself. Vulcan agrees and loosens the chains, and Venus goes off to Cyprus and Mars to Thrace. Other Mentions and Illusions The story also appears in Book II of the Roman poet Ovids Ars Amatoria, written in 2 C.E., and a briefer form in Book 4 of his Metamorphoses, written 8 C.E. In Ovid, the tale ends after the gods are laughing at the netted lovers—there is no bargaining for the freedom of Mars, and Ovids Vulcan is described as more malicious than enraged. In Homers Odyssey, Venus returns to Cyprus, in Ovid she remains with Vulcan. Other literary connections to the Venus and Mars story, albeit some less strict to the plot, include the first poem William Shakespeare ever published, called Venus and Adonis published in 1593. The Venus and Mars netted story is also significantly mentioned in the English poet John Drydens All for Love, or the World Well Lost. That is a tale about Cleopatra and Marc Anthony, but Dryden makes it about passion in general and what does or does not sustain it. Sources Castellani V. 1980. Two Divine Scandals: Ovid Met. 2.680 ff. and 4.171 ff. and His Sources. Transactions of the American Philological Association 110:37-50.Kloesel LF. 1990. The play of desire: Vulcans net and other stories of passion in All for Love. The Eighteenth Century 31(3):227-244.Miller RP. 1959. The Myth of Marss Hot Minion in Venus and Adonis. ELH (English Literary History) 26(4):470-481.

American Romanticism As Portrayed By Walt Whitman s Song...

Jesha C. Lor Callis Modern Civ-LIT 3/21/16 Song of myself (1855) Narrative (1845) American Romanticism as portrayed by Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† and Fredrick Douglass’s Narrative American Romanticism focuses on the imagination, emotions and idealized perspectives of the world. Romanticism is in opposition to the forms and conventions of Neoclassical Literature and is a reaction to the Age of reason which preceded Romanticism. Reason was ruled out in this era in place of imagination, individuality, and emotions, which are all three roots that defines Romanticism. Although, Walt Whitman’s Song of Myself and Frederick Douglass’ Narrative were written ten years apart, many persons that wrote in this era represented the major ideas and themes of the Romanticism era. As an Abolitionist Romance Narrative, Frederick Douglass’s Narrative consists of a journey from repression to transcendence. The Romantic elements in his Narrative, created the highest possible effect for abolitionism by not only being highly realistic bu t, also romantic in nature. Prior to the Narrative, was the abolitionist movement in which the unique role of African Americans allowed for moral superiority, as the audience could voice one of authority, moral understanding, and experience. Douglass was the perfect person who had profound intelligence and oratory abilities who could command the kind of respect capable of energizing that movement. Not only did Douglass’s work excite the passions of theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Romanticism : An Important Time For Poetry And Its Development974 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican romanticism was an important time for poetry and its development. There were many themes throughout the romanticism that most poets touched on in their work. There was nature, breaking free, individualism, democracy, radicalism and the figure of the outcast. Ralph Waldo Emerson touched on a few of the themes in many of his poems, but touched on individualism especially in â€Å"Hamatreya†. Another poet that touched on themes of the American romanticism was Walt Whitman, in his poem â€Å"Song of Myself†Read MoreAnalysis Of Walt Whitman s What Came First The Chicken Or The Egg? 1739 Words   |  7 PagesTaylor Fink Professor Jonathan Cook English 231 10 July 2015 Emerson Vs. Whitman and Their Influence on Each Other When talking about Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman a similar question of â€Å"What came first the chicken or the egg?† comes to mind. Scholars may argue that without Emerson and his influential sermons and speeches that Walt Whitman would have never found his voice, but how can someone who so many consider one of the greatest poets of all time cease to exist? Ralph Waldo EmersonRead MoreWhat Came First The Chicken Or The Egg?2116 Words   |  9 Pagestalking about Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman a similar question of â€Å"What came first the chicken or the egg?† comes to mind. Scholars may argue that without Emerson and his influential sermons and speeches that Walt Whitman would have never found his voice, but how can someone who so many consider one of the greatest poets of all time cease to exist? Ralph Waldo Emerson knew what he was doing when he published The Poet. It was an outcry for the American people to speak a truthful narrative

Journal Analysis Industrial Materials and Process Free Essays

Increasing concern with fuel consumption leads to widespread interest in lightweight structures for transportation vehicles. Several competing technologies are available for the structural connections of these structures, namely welding, mechanical fastening/riveting, and adhesive technologies. Great interest is dedicated to welding of lightweight structures, particularly because of economic reasons derived of part count reduction, faster and cheaper fabrication, and possible weight gains. We will write a custom essay sample on Journal Analysis: Industrial Materials and Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, drawbacks of welding include variation of properties in the welcomed area, intrinsic metallurgical difficulties sibyl leading to unacceptable defects, as well as, from a mechanical design point of view, possibly detrimental fatigue behavior features associated with the continuous path of crack propagation. Crucial factors for the application of new technologies are the cost. Especially for the substitution of metals by light weight alloys beneath all technological properties of the economic aspects have to be considered. Currently the technological processes receiving more widespread interest in metallic lightweight structures are laser beam welding (LB) and friction stir welding (FSP). According to E. Schubert, M. Classes ET. AL Light weight components are of crucial interest for all branches that produce moving masses. The aim to reduce weight has to be accompanied by high production efficiency and component performance. Laser beam Joining offers the possibility to manufacture Joints of all light metals and their combination. Laser welding is a high energy beam process and in this regard is similar to electron beam. With that exception they are unlike one another. The energy density of the laser is achieved by the concentration of light waves not electrons. The laser output is not electrical, does not require electrical continuity, is not influenced by magnetism, is not limited to electrically conductive materials and in fact can interact with any material whether it be metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, etc. Finally its function does not require a vacuum nor are x-rays produced. Friction-stir welding (FSP) is a solid-state Joining process (the metal is not melted) that uses a third body tool to Join two facing surfaces. Heat is generated between the tool and material which leads to a very soft region near the FSP tool. It then eugenically intermixes the two pieces of metal at the place of the Joint, then the softened metal (due to the elevated temperature) can be Joined using mechanical pressure (which is applied by the tool), much like Joining clay, or dough. It is primarily used on aluminum, and most often on extruded aluminum (non-heat treatable alloys), and on structures which need superior weld strength without a post weld heat treatment. Methodology of the Researches According to the Journal of R. Brushstrokes et al. Joining technology of lightweight dissimilar metals between magnesium and aluminum alloys are essential for legalizing hybrid structure cars and other engineering application. In the present study, the normal center line welding of lap Joint was carried out by laser welding. It was found that the intervocalic layer formed near interface between two metals significantly degraded the Joining metal, which contributes to control thickness of intervocalic compound layer. Based on the result of FEM. analysis, the edge line welding of lap Joint was carried out, which could easily control the thickness of intervocalic layer and successfully obtained high Joining strength. In comparison with the Journal of R. Brushstrokes et al. According to T. Mortising et al. Macrostructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar welding Joint between AY alloy and MGM alloy by laser welding was very brittle because of building up MGM AAA intervocalic compounds in fusion zone. On the other hand, FSP is anticipated to welding dissimilar alloys AY alloys and GAZA magnesium alloy with various tool rotational speed and welding speed. These joints showed higher hardness in their stir zones than that of parent GAZA alloy because of MGM-AY inter metallic compound formation. Over, the harness of stir zone was lower than that of fusion zone of laser welding, and was changed with the welding parameter of tool rotational speed and welding speed. In accordance with R. Brushstrokes et al. O the problem of intervocalic compound, another approach to control intervocalic compound formation has to be developed for Joining magnesium and aluminum alloys. The controlling penetration depth of molten in lap Joint configuration might be a possible approach for reducing intervocalic compound formation, in the present study laser welding between agencies alloy GAZA B and aluminum AY-O was carried out. Since the penetration depth of molten metal in lap Joint will be one of importan t factor for controlling the thickness of intervocalic compound layer. Results and Findings of the Researches In accordance with R. Brushstrokes et al. After tensile-shear tests, it was found that failure occurred inside intervocalic compound layer, which degraded strength of the Joint. The maximum failure load and strength obtained for the welding lap Joint were NON and 20 Amp. This failure load is about 37% of yield load of AY-O alloy. Results of the tensile test of T. Mortising et al. The tensile strength of base was 244 Amp in aluminum alloy and 241 Amp in magnesium alloy. The Joint efficiency was achieved 61% of the strength of the base material. FSP has several disadvantages. As it is a solid state process, a great amount of tool wear takes place during the plunging stage as the work piece material is cold at this time. Weld speeds in FSP are slower which can lead to time-consuming Joining process. As higher weld forces are required during this process, equipment used for FSP is massive and expensive. Moreover friction stir welding of high melting temperature materials, such as steel and stainless steel are known to have welding tool limitations. Therefore, the use of standard FSP machines runs into high capital cost requirements and relatively poor productivity. LB has advantages precise working with exact placing of the energy spot, welding of complicated Joint geometry, low heat application, therefore minor changes in macrostructure, low thermal distortion, cavity-free welds, low post weld operation times, large working distance is possible ( welding up to 500 mm distance and also to inaccessible parts). And it’s disadvantages are The welding plants are expensive, depending upon the equipment, If filler material is necessary they are, because of the limited amount produced, relatively expensive. Analysis and Recommendation of the Researches: It was difficult to obtain enough quality welding strength in welding lap Joint between magnesium and aluminum alloy plates due to intervocalic compound layer formation it was found that the edge-line welding lap Joint could realize the shallow penetration depth of molten metal into lower plate, which would be effective for educing the reaction between two metal and then the formation of intervocalic compound. How to cite Journal Analysis: Industrial Materials and Process, Essays

Silence in Cultures free essay sample

The use of silence varies from one culture to another. Western traditional cultures perception of and use of silence are different from eastern cultures of the world. Countries which adapted much of the Greek culture and learned from Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato high value socializing and believe talking as an important activity. Some countires that view the perception of silence in this way are the United States, Germany, and France. However, Eastern cultures such as Japan and India find silence very appealing. Silence is not only developed in Asian cultures, but it is also found in any Scandinavian cultures and American Indian cultures. The Japanese culture observed that silence can serve a variety of purposes. It can be seen as a way of talking among family members and it is linked with credibility (p. 226). lt is also a way for them to avoid conflict and embarassment, with proverbs such as It is the duck that squawks that gets shot. In India, silence is a very big part of their culture. Their religion, Hinduism, is based on silence, The Hindu believes that self-realization, salvation, truth, wisdom, peace, and bliss are all achieved in a state f meditation and introspection when the individual is communicating with himself or herself in silence (p. 226). Scandinavian cultures also oppose the dominant western cultures. They think silence conveys interest and consideration. Finally, the native Americans believe silence is a sign of a remarkable person. Silence is also the number one rule when interacting with another during important events such as meetings with strangers and periods of mourning. These four cultures show that their people have a lot of respect, proper etiquette, maturity, good manners, and great character towards others. The Chinese philospher, Confucious left some remarkable provers which stuck in many of todays silent Asian cultures. Believe not others talesJOthers will lead thee far astray; Silence is a friend who will never betray (p. 226). For the Indian Culture, their religion provided proberbs and are follwed by people of the Hindu religion. Lastly, Chief Joseph, a famous Indian leader, has been quoted by his people and his sayings have been passed down from generation to generation. It does not require many words to speak the truth (p. 227). These important fgures left important ayings before their death and their proverbs stayed and still teach people in their cultures today. Men and women are from two different cultures, and because of this, communication can sometimes be a problem. As children, boys tend to develop patterns of aggressiveness. A stu dy done by Nicolopoulou, Scales, and Weintraub examine the symbolic imagination of four year old boys and girls. The stories that were told by girl were significantly different than the ones that the boys told. Girls tend to think of stories that include order and social realism. They use rational plots ith stable characters, continuous plot lines, and social and familial relationships. Everday domestic life is emphasized along with romantic and fairy tale images of kings and queens. The boys however contain more conflict and disorder. Their stories typically dont include a stable plot, clearly defined characters, and relationships. While girls tend to find resolution to conflicts before the story ends, boys tend to not defiance and destruction to drive their plots. Another study, conducted by Otnes, Kim, and Kim showed the communication differences in letters to Santa Claus. The results of the sudy confirms the xpectations among the gender patterns. Girls usually wrote longer letters, they made more specific references to Christmas, they were more polite, used more inderect requests, and included more expressions of affetion. The boys however made more direct requests. There was no difference between the two on the amount of toys requested. This pattern has subtly moved into the way men and women communicate. According to Bonvillian, because women and men are socialized to express themselves in different ways in accordance with cultural norms that teach and reinforce differentiated gender roles (p. 186). Men have typically communicated to exert control, preserve independence, and enhance status. They typically minimize feelings. Doing this enables men to use problem solving, data collection, and solution suggestions. They emphasize content rather than feelings. Wood states that men also, expresses superiority and maintains control (p. 188). Men redirect conversations fro their own benefit and interrupt as a controlling or challenging device. This allow the man to drive the conversation, asserting the control. Forceful and direct language is common among men. Wood also goes on to state that, men end to speak in abstact terms that are general and removed from personal experiences (p. 188). This allows the men to keep their emotions out of the conversation. Lastly, the conversation of men is not very responsive. Sympathy, understanding, and self disclosure are rarely expressed because these responses are condescending and make one vulnerable. Understanding these communications allows one to understand more about one another. From the early beginnings, it was prevalent that girls, typically more passive with a more rational thought process normally grows into one who communicates ith feelings and understanding. Boys growing up show aggressiveness that eventually evolved into a lack of expression of feelings and a demand for superiority. There are many games in different cultures that help teach its citizens lessons about life. One game is called the dozens. The dozens is a pedagogic device that instructs citizens in communication strategies for the resolution in routine interactions. This means that the dozens is a way for citizens to learn how to overcome conflict in daily life. The community in which the game is played is typically n a black urban area that has a mixture of lower, middel, and upper-middle class people. Boys, girls, men and women all play the game. The object of the game is simple, one person must best another, using words. Insults toward ones family is common. The study shows that a lot of the Jokes are geared toward the opponents mother. One might ask , Why would a game that involves telling insults at one another be beneficial? Two things, it helps understand ones self, and it prepares the individual to maintain composure under pressure situations. When understanding ones self, you have to realize your problem. For instance when someone focuses a lot of the insults towards the oponents mother, it could be a sign that they have an issue with their own mother that they are trying to overcome. the mother. This causes the man to lose his identity. His ability to exert his power is lost because he most answer to a woman. They feel inferior. So when the game begins, the exert their anger towards woman by vilifying the opponents mothers. This allows them to come to their senses as to why they feel the way they do. The dozens also enables one to maintain composure in pressure situations. When laying, you have to stay cool in order to not lose. If you dont keep your cool, the audience and your opponent will sense that they are getting under your skin, and the insults come harder. The audience will also declare you a loser. You will also begin to come up with insults that have no effect to your opponent which will work to your disadvantage. By playing the game, you learn to separate yourself from your feelings. You are able to maintain the cool that you must display in situations important in life. If you are unable to do this, you can lose control and you wont be able to succeed n what you are trying to do. For example, if you are the best at keeping your cool, you can fly through Job interviews, because you will remain calm, and collected. You know what youre going to say, and you deliver with eloquence. However, if you do not know how to keep your cool, you get nervous, saying things you didnt mean to say, giving wrong information, and making rash decisions due to a lack of composure. This game is direct reflection of the MTV show mio Mamma. It starts off with a group of people, men and women, go at eachother with insults about themselves, or their family. The audience then chooses the participants who will go toe to toe in a battle. Insults are then exchanged between the two individuals. This time Judged on delivery, content, creativity, and crowd reaction. Once the battle is over, the Judges get together and declare a winner. Although the dozens doesnt have celebrity judges, it is what the show is based off of. There are many ways to act while communicating with others. Some people are polite and agree with whatever you say, knowing whole heartidly that they disagree, yet they still nod their heads, and there are people who blatently disagree, without any care of offending anyone. Two cultures that display these really well are the Arabs, and the Sabra. Arabs approach interpersonal relations using musayara, in interpersonal style tha involves an aray of politeness strategies that emphasize mutuality, cooperation, respect, concern, indirectness, subtlety, effusiveness, allusion, and metaphor. In contrast, the Israelis often use an interpersonal approach that relies on dugri, which, involves direct, explicit, forceful, assertive, unembellished speech these contrasting styles may interfere with negotiations and lead to dissatisfaction with both the process and the utcomes of negotiations. The problem that the is presented in Arab-sabra encounters is the fact that the styles are so contradictory. While the Arab musayara exert politeness and mutuality, the Sabra dugri display assertive and often contrasting ideas. To the Arabs, straight or dugri talk in the style of the quintessential Sabra is not an expression of trust, rather is often experienced as offensive, even abusive. This causes friction due to the disagreement that they will face. The Sabra will rub off the wrong way by being so direct that it will be offensive to the Arabs.